(Redirected from E.R. (TV Series))
ER | |
---|---|
Genre | Medical drama |
Created by | Michael Crichton |
Starring | Anthony Edwards George Clooney Sherry Stringfield Noah Wyle Julianna Margulies Eriq La Salle Gloria Reuben Laura Innes Maria Bello Alex Kingston Kellie Martin Paul McCrane Goran Višnjić Michael Michele Erik Palladino Maura Tierney Ming-Na Wen Sharif Atkins Mekhi Phifer Parminder Nagra Linda Cardellini Shane West Scott Grimes John Stamos David Lyons Angela Bassett |
Theme music composer | James Newton Howard (1994–2006, 2009 finale) Martin Davich (2006–2009) |
Country of origin | United States |
Original language(s) | English |
No. of seasons | 15 |
No. of episodes | 331 (list of episodes) |
Production | |
Executive producer(s) | Christopher Chulack John Wells Michael Crichton Jack Orman Lydia Woodward Carol Flint David Zabel |
Camera setup | Single |
Running time | 45 minutes |
Production company(s) | Constant C Productions Amblin Television Warner Bros. Television |
Distributor | Warner Bros. Domestic Television Distribution |
Release | |
Original network | NBC |
Picture format |
|
Original release | September 19, 1994 – April 2, 2009 |
Chronology | |
Related shows | Third Watch Medical Investigation |
External links | |
Website |
ER is an American medical drama television series created by novelist and medical doctor Michael Crichton that aired on NBC from September 19, 1994, to April 2, 2009, with a total of 331 episodes spanning over 15 seasons. It was produced by Constant c Productions and Amblin Television, in association with Warner Bros. Television. ER follows the inner life of the emergency room (ER) of fictional County General Hospital in Chicago, Illinois, and various critical issues faced by the room's physicians and staff. The show is the second longest-running primetime medical drama in American television history behind Grey's Anatomy, and the 4th longest medical drama across the globe (behind BBC's Casualty and Holby City). It won 23 Primetime Emmy Awards, including the 1996 Outstanding Drama Series award, and received 124 Emmy nominations. ER won 116 awards in total, including the Peabody Award, while the cast earned four Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Ensemble Performance in a Drama Series.[1] As of 2014, ER has grossed over $3 billion in television revenue.[2]
Founded on a Correct Developement of the Nature, the Number, and the Various Properties of All Its Simple and Compound Sounds, as Combined Into. Sep 1, 2018 - The ER actress who claimed George Clooney helped blacklist her from. Touching tribute for Tania Ellwood confirmed as one of those found dead at Auckland lodge. Her and that she couldn't work or 'do most basic everyday functions.' Crime & Safety updates For your street and nearby Find out more.
- 1Production
- 1.4Episodes
- 3Critical reception
- 4Distribution
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
Michael Crichton, the show's creator.
In 1974, author Michael Crichton wrote a screenplay based on his own experiences as a medical student in a busy hospital emergency room.[3] The screenplay went nowhere and Crichton focused on other topics. In 1990, he published the novel Jurassic Park, and in 1993 began a collaboration with director Steven Spielberg on the film adaptation of the book.[4] Crichton and Spielberg then turned to ER, but decided to film the story as a two-hour pilot for a television series rather than as a feature film.[5] Spielberg's Amblin Entertainment provided John Wells as the show's executive producer. The script used to shoot the pilot was virtually unchanged from what Crichton had written in 1974. The only substantive changes made by the producers in 1994 were that the Susan Lewis character became a woman and the Peter Benton character became African-American, and the running time was shortened by about 20 minutes in order for the pilot to air in a two-hour block on network TV.[6] Because of a lack of time and money necessary to build a set, the pilot episode of ER was filmed in the former Linda Vista Hospital in Los Angeles, an old facility that had ceased operating in 1990.[7] A set modeled after Los Angeles County General Hospital's emergency room was built soon afterward at the Warner Bros. studios in Burbank, California, although the show makes extensive use of location shoots in Chicago, most notably the city's famous 'L' train platforms.[8]
Warren Littlefield, running NBC Entertainment at the time, was impressed by the series: 'We were intrigued, but we were admittedly a bit spooked in attempting to go back into that territory a few years after St. Elsewhere.'[9] After Spielberg had joined as a producer, NBC ordered six episodes. 'ER premiered opposite a Monday Night Football game on ABC and did surprisingly well. Then we moved it to Thursday and it just took off', commented Littlefield.[9]ER's success surprised the networks and critics alike, as David E. Kelley's new medical drama Chicago Hope was expected to crush the new series.[10]
Spielberg left the show after one year as a producer, having made one critical decision with lasting effects: the Carol Hathaway character, who died at the end of the original pilot episode script, was retained. Crichton remained executive producer until his death in November 2008, although he was still credited as one throughout that entire final season. Wells, the series' other initial executive producer, served as showrunner for the first three seasons. He was one of the show's most prolific writers and became a regular director in later years. Lydia Woodward was a part of the first season production team and became an executive producer for the third season. She took over as showrunner for the fourth season while Wells focused on the development of other series, including Trinity, Third Watch, and The West Wing. She left her executive producer position at the end of the sixth season but continued to write episodes throughout the series' run.
Joe Sachs, who was a writer and producer of the series, believed keeping a commitment to medical accuracy was extremely important: 'We'd bend the rules but never break them. A medication that would take 10 minutes to work might take 30 seconds instead. We compressed time. A 12- to 24-hour shift gets pushed into 48 minutes. But we learned that being accurate was important for more reasons than just making real and responsible drama.'[9]
Woodward was replaced as showrunner by Jack Orman. Orman was recruited as a writer-producer for the series in its fourth season after a successful stint working on CBS's JAG. He was quickly promoted and became an executive producer and showrunner for the series' seventh season. He held these roles for three seasons before leaving the series at the end of the ninth season. Orman was also a frequent writer and directed three episodes of the show. David Zabel served as the series' head writer and executive producer in its later seasons. He initially joined the crew for the eighth season and became an executive producer and showrunner for the twelfth season onward. Zabel was the series' most frequent writer, contributing to 41 episodes. He also made his directing debut on the series. Christopher Chulack was the series' most frequent director and worked as a producer on all 15 seasons. He became an executive producer in the fourth season but occasionally scaled back his involvement in later years to focus on other projects. Other executive producers include writers Carol Flint, Neal Baer, R. Scott Gemmill, Dee Johnson, Joe Sachs, Lisa Zwerling, and Janine Sherman Barrois. Several of these writers and producers had extensive background in emergency medicine. Joe Sachs was a regular emergency attending physician, while Lisa Zwerling and Neal Baer had pediatrics backgrounds. The series' crew was recognized with awards for writing, directing, producing, film editing, sound editing, casting, and music.
Cast and characters[edit]
Original cast of the show (1994–1995)
Final season cast (2008–2009)
Many notable guests such as Ray Liotta appeared in the series.
The original starring cast consisted of Anthony Edwards as Dr. Mark Greene, George Clooney as Dr. Doug Ross, Sherry Stringfield as Dr. Susan Lewis, Noah Wyle as medical student John Carter, and Eriq La Salle as Dr. Peter Benton.[9] As the series continued, some key changes were made: Nurse Carol Hathaway, played by Julianna Margulies, who attempts suicide in the original pilot script, was made into a regular cast member. Ming-Na Wen debuted in the middle of the first season as medical student Jing-Mei 'Deb' Chen, but did not return for the second season; she returns in season 6 episode 10. Gloria Reuben and Laura Innes would join the series as Physician Assistant Jeanie Boulet and Dr. Kerry Weaver, respectively, by the second season.[11]
In the third season, a series of cast additions and departures began that would see the entire original cast leave over time. Stringfield was the first to exit the series, reportedly upsetting producers who believed she wanted to negotiate for more money, but the actress did not particularly care for 'fame.'[12] She would return to the series from 2001 until 2005.[9] Clooney departed the series in 1999 to pursue a film career, and Margulies exited the following year.[9] Season eight saw the departure of La Salle and Edwards when Benton left County General and Greene died from a brain tumor.[9] Wyle left the series after season 11 in order to spend more time with his family, but would return for two multiple-episode appearances in the show's final seasons.[13]Goran Višnjić as Dr. Luka Kovač, Maura Tierney as Dr. Abby Lockhart, Alex Kingston as Dr. Elizabeth Corday, and Paul McCrane as Dr. Robert Romano all joined the cast as the seasons went on.[11] In the much later seasons, the show would see the additions of Mekhi Phifer as Dr. Greg Pratt, Scott Grimes as Dr. Archie Morris, Parminder Nagra as Dr. Neela Rasgotra, Shane West as Dr. Ray Barnett, Linda Cardellini as nurse Samantha Taggart, John Stamos as intern Tony Gates, David Lyons as Dr. Simon Brenner and Angela Bassett as Dr. Catherine Banfield.[11]
In addition to the main cast, ER featured a large number of frequently seen recurring cast members who played key roles such as paramedics, hospital support staff, nurses, and doctors. ER also featured a sizable roster of well-known guest stars, some making rare television appearances, who typically played patients in single episode appearances or multi-episode arcs.
Broadcasting[edit]
Following the broadcast of its two-hour pilot movie on September 19, 1994, ER premiered Thursday, September 22 at 10:00. It remained in the same Thursday time slot for its entire run. ER is NBC's third longest-running drama, after Law & Order and Law & Order: Special Victims Unit,[14] and the second longest-running American primetime medical drama of all time, behind Grey's Anatomy.[15] On April 2, 2008, NBC announced that the series would return for its fifteenth season.[16] The fifteenth season was originally scheduled to run for 19 episodes before retiring with a two-hour series finale to be broadcast on March 12, 2009,[17][18] but NBC announced in January 2009 that it would extend the show by an additional three episodes to a full 22-episode order as part of a deal to launch a new series by John Wells titled Police, later retitled Southland.[19]ER's final episode aired on April 2, 2009; the two-hour episode was preceded by a one-hour retrospective special.[20] The series finale charged $425,000 per 30-second ad spot, more than three times the season's rate of $135,000.[9] From season 4 to season 6 ER cost a record-breaking $13 million per episode.[21] TNT also paid a record price of $1 million an episode for four years of repeats of the series during that time.[22] The cost of the first three seasons was $2 million per episode and seasons 7 to 9 cost $8 million per episode.[21][23]
Episodes[edit]
Season | Episodes | Originally aired | Nielsen ratings[24][25] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
First aired | Last aired | Rank | Rating | ||||
1 | 25 | September 19, 1994 | May 18, 1995 | 2 | 20.0 | ||
2 | 22 | September 21, 1995 | May 16, 1996 | 1 | 22.0 | ||
3 | 22 | September 26, 1996 | May 15, 1997 | 1 | 21.2 | ||
4 | 22 | September 25, 1997 | May 14, 1998 | 2 | 20.4 | ||
5 | 22 | September 24, 1998 | May 20, 1999 | 1 | 17.8 | ||
6 | 22 | September 30, 1999 | May 18, 2000 | 4 | 16.9 | ||
7 | 22 | October 12, 2000 | May 17, 2001 | 2 | 15.0 | ||
8 | 22 | September 27, 2001 | May 16, 2002 | 3 | 14.2 | ||
9 | 22 | September 26, 2002 | May 15, 2003 | 4 | 13.1 | ||
10 | 22 | September 25, 2003 | May 13, 2004 | 6 | 12.9 | ||
11 | 22 | September 23, 2004 | May 19, 2005 | 12 | 10.4 | ||
12 | 22 | September 22, 2005 | May 18, 2006 | 28 | 8.1 | ||
13 | 23 | September 21, 2006 | May 17, 2007 | 27 | 7.4 | ||
14 | 19 | September 27, 2007 | May 15, 2008 | N/A | N/A | ||
15 | 22 | September 25, 2008 | April 2, 2009 | 26 | 6.7 |
A typical episode centered on the ER, with most scenes set in the hospital or surrounding streets. In addition, most seasons included at least one storyline located completely outside of the ER, often outside of Chicago. Over the span of the series, stories took place in the Democratic Republic of The Congo, France, Iraq and Sudan. One early storyline involved a road trip taken by Dr. Ross and Dr. Greene to California and a season eight episode included a storyline in Hawaii featuring Dr. Greene and Dr. Corday. Beginning in season nine, storylines started to include the Democratic Republic of the Congo, featuring Dr. Kovac, Dr. Carter, and Dr. Pratt. 'We turned some attention on the Congo and on Darfur when nobody else was. We had a bigger audience than a nightly newscast will ever see, making 25 to 30 million people aware of what was going on in Africa,' ER producer, John Wells said. 'The show is not about telling people to eat their vegetables, but if we can do that in an entertaining context, then there's nothing better.'[10] The series also focused on sociopolitical issues such as HIV and AIDS, organ transplants, mental illness, racism, human trafficking, euthanasia, poverty and gay rights.[10] The Africa episodes of ER were discussed in a scholarly article by Julie Cupples and Kevin Glynn published in the Annals of the Association of American Geographers in 2013.[26] Other episodes used more creative formats, such as the 1997 live episode, 'Ambush' performed twice; once for the east coast broadcast and again three hours later for the west coast,[9] and 2002's 'Hindsight' which ran in reverse time as it followed one character, Dr. Luka Kovac, through the tragic events of one Christmas Eve shift and the Christmas party that preceded it.
Crossover with Third Watch[edit]
The episode 'Brothers and Sisters' (first broadcast on April 25, 2002) begins a crossover that concludes on the Third Watch episode 'Unleashed' in which Susan enlists the help of Officers Maurice Boscorelli and Faith Yokas to find her sister and niece.
Format[edit]
ER was filmed in 16:9widescreen from the start, even though it was not broadcast in widescreen until the seventh season when it began appearing in the 1080i HD format.[27] Since the sixth episode of season 7, it has appeared in letterbox format when in standard definition. As a result, the U.S. DVD box set features the widescreen versions of the episodes, including those episodes originally broadcast in 1.33:1 (full frame) format. The episodes also appear in 1080i widescreen when rerun on TNT HD and Pop, though the first six seasons still run in full frame 1.33:1 on the digital TNT network. Only the live episode 'Ambush' at the beginning of the fourth season and the title sequence for the first six seasons originated in the 1.33:1 aspect ratio.
Ratings[edit]
US seasonal rankings based on average total viewers per episode of ER on NBC are tabulated below. Each U.S. network television season starts in late September and ends in late May, which coincides with the completion of May sweeps. All times mentioned in this section were in the Eastern and Pacific time zones. Ratings for seasons 1-2 are listed in households (the percentage of households watching the program), while ratings for seasons 3-15 are listed in viewers.
Season | Season premiere | Season finale | Viewer rank (#) | Households/ Viewers (in millions) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | September 19, 1994 | May 18, 1995 | #2[28] | 19.08[28] |
2 | September 21, 1995 | May 16, 1996 | #1[29] | 21.10[29] |
3 | September 26, 1996 | May 15, 1997 | #1[30] | 30.79[30] |
4 | September 25, 1997 | May 14, 1998 | #2[31] | 30.2[31] |
5 | September 24, 1998 | May 20, 1999 | #1[32] | 25.4[32] |
6 | September 30, 1999 | May 18, 2000 | #4[33] | 24.95[33] |
7 | October 12, 2000 | May 17, 2001 | #2[34] | 22.4[34] |
8 | September 27, 2001 | May 16, 2002 | #3[35] | 22.1[35] |
9 | September 26, 2002 | May 15, 2003 | #6[36] | 19.99[36] |
10 | September 25, 2003 | May 13, 2004 | #8[37] | 19.04[37] |
11 | September 23, 2004 | May 19, 2005 | #16[38] | 15.17[38] |
12 | September 22, 2005 | May 18, 2006 | #30[39] | 12.06[39] |
13 | September 21, 2006 | May 17, 2007 | #40[40] | 11.56[40] |
14 | September 27, 2007 | May 15, 2008 | #54[41] | 9.20[41] |
15 | September 25, 2008 | April 2, 2009 | #37[42] | 10.30[42] |
In its first year, ER attracted an average of 19 million viewers per episode, becoming the years second most watched television show, just behind Seinfeld. In the following two seasons (1995-1997), ER was the most watched show in North America. For almost five years, ER battled for the top spot against Seinfeld, but in 1998, Seinfeld ended and then ER became number one again. The series finale attracted 16.4 million viewers.[43] The show's highest rating came during season 2 episode 'Hell and High Water,' with 48 million viewers and a 45% market share. It was the highest for a regularly scheduled drama since a May 1985 installment of Dallas received a 46. The share represents the percentage of TVs in use tuned in to that show.[44]
Critical reception[edit]
Chicago skyline
Throughout the series ER received positive reviews from critics and fans alike. It scored 80 on Metascore, meaning 'generally favorable reviews', based on 21 critics. Marvin Kitman from Newsday gave the show a very positive review, saying: 'It's like M*A*S*H with just the helicopters showing up and no laughs. E.R. is all trauma; you never get to know enough about the patients or get involved with them. It's just treat, release and move on'. Richard Zoglin from Time stated that it's 'probably the most realistic fictional treatment of the medical profession TV has ever presented'.
Critical reactions for ER's first season were very favorable. Alan Rich, writing for Variety, praised the direction and editing of the pilot[45] while Eric Mink, writing for the New York Daily News, said that the pilot of ER 'was urban, emergency room chaos and young, committed doctors.' However some reviewers felt the episodes following the pilot did not live up to it with Mink commenting that '...the great promise of the 'E.R.' pilot dissolves into the kind of routine, predictable, sloppily detailed medical drama we've seen many times before.'[46]
NBC launched the show at the same time that CBS launched its own medical drama Chicago Hope; many critics drew comparisons between the two. Eric Mink concluded that ER may rate more highly in the Nielsens but Chicago Hope told better stories,[46] while Rich felt both shows were 'riveting, superior TV fare.'[45]The Daily Telegraph wrote in 1996: 'Not being able to follow what on earth is going on remains one of the peculiar charms of the breakneck American hospital drama, ER'.[47]
In 2002, TV Guide ranked ER No. 22 on their list of 'TV's Top 50 Shows', making it the second highest ranked medical drama on the list (after St. Elsewhere at #20).[48] Also, the season 1 episode 'Love's Labor Lost' was ranked No. 6 on TV Guide's 100 Greatest Episodes of All-Time list having earlier been ranked #3.[49] The show also placed No. 19 on Entertainment Weekly's 'New TV Classics' list.[50] British magazine Empire ranked it No. 29 in their list of the '50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time' and said the best episode was 'Hell And High Water' (Season 2, Episode 7) where 'Doug Ross (George Clooney) saves a young boy from drowning during a flood.'[51] In 2012, ER was voted Best TV Drama on ABC's 20/20 special episode 'Best in TV: The Greatest TV Shows of Our Time'.[52] In 2013, TV Guide ranked it No. 9 in its list of The 60 Greatest Dramas of All Time[53] and No. 29 in its list of the 60 Best Series.[54] In the same year, the Writers Guild of America ranked ER No. 27 in its list of the 101 Best Written TV Series Of All Time.[55]
Awards and nominations[edit]
The series has been nominated for 375 industry awards and has won 116. ER won the George Foster Peabody Award in 1995, and won 22 of the 124 Emmy Awards for which it was nominated.[56] It also won the People's Choice Award for 'Favorite Television Dramatic Series' every year from 1995 to 2002. Over the years, it has been won for numerous other awards, including Screen Actors Guild Awards, Image Awards, GLAAD Media Awards, and Golden Globe Awards, among others.[57]
Distribution[edit]
Home media[edit]
Warner Home Video has released all 15 seasons in R1, R2, and R4.
DVD Name | No. of episodes | Release dates | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Region 1 | Region 2 (UK) | Region 4 (AUS) | ||
ER: The Complete First Season (1994–1995) | 25 | August 26, 2003 | February 23, 2004 | April 28, 2004 |
ER: The Complete Second Season (1995–1996) | 22 | April 27, 2004 | July 26, 2004 | July 15, 2004 |
ER: The Complete Third Season (1996–1997) | 22 | April 26, 2005 | January 31, 2005 | December 16, 2004 |
ER: The Complete Fourth Season (1997–1998) | 22 | December 20, 2005 | May 16, 2005 | April 27, 2005 |
ER: The Complete Fifth Season (1998–1999) | 22 | July 11, 2006 | October 24, 2005 | November 15, 2005 |
ER: The Complete Sixth Season (1999–2000) | 22 | December 19, 2006 | April 3, 2006 | May 5, 2006 |
ER: The Complete Seventh Season (2000–2001) | 22 | May 15, 2007 | September 18, 2006 | October 3, 2006 |
ER: The Complete Eighth Season (2001–2002) | 22 | January 22, 2008 | July 16, 2007 | September 6, 2007 |
ER: The Complete Ninth Season (2002–2003) | 22 | June 17, 2008 | October 29, 2007 | October 31, 2007 |
ER: The Complete Tenth Season (2003–2004) | 22 | March 3, 2009 | January 28, 2008 | May 7, 2008 |
ER: The Complete Eleventh Season (2004–2005) | 22 | July 14, 2009 | April 21, 2008 | May 7, 2008 |
ER: The Complete Twelfth Season (2005–2006) | 22 | January 12, 2010 | September 15, 2008 | October 1, 2008 |
ER: The Complete Thirteenth Season (2006–2007) | 23 | July 6, 2010 | November 3, 2008 | April 29, 2009 |
ER: The Complete Fourteenth Season (2007–2008) | 19 | January 11, 2011 | May 18, 2009 | April 28, 2010 |
ER: The Final Season (2008–2009) | 22 | July 12, 2011 | September 21, 2009 | October 12, 2010 |
The first six DVD box sets of ER are unusual in the fact that they are all in anamorphic widescreen even though the episodes were broadcast in a standard 4:3 format. Only the live episode 'Ambush' is not in the widescreen format.
In 2018 Hulu struck a deal with Warner Bros Domestic Television Distribution to stream all 15 seasons of the show.[58]
Soundtrack[edit]
In 1996, Atlantic Records released an album of music from the first two seasons, featuring James Newton Howard's theme from the series in its on-air and full versions, selections from the weekly scores composed by Martin Davich (Howard scored the two-hour pilot, Davich scored all the subsequent episodes and wrote a new theme used from 2006–2009 until the final episode, when Howard's original theme returned) and songs used on the series.[59]
- Theme From ER – James Newton Howard (3:02)
- Dr. Lewis And Renee (from 'The Birthday Party') (1:57)
- Canine Blues (from 'Make of Two Hearts') (2:27)
- Goodbye Baby Susie (from 'Fever of Unknown Origin') (3:11)
- Doug & Carol (from 'The Gift') – composed by James Newton Howard and Martin Davich (1:59)
- Healing Hands – Marc Cohn (4:25)
- The Hero (from 'Hell And High Water') composed by James Newton Howard and Martin Davich (1:55)
- Carter, See You Next Fall (from 'Everything Old Is New Again') (1:28)
- Reasons For Living – Duncan Sheik (4:33)
- Dr. Green and a Mother's Death (from 'Love's Labor Lost') (2:48)
- Raul Dies (from 'The Healers') (2:20)
- Hell And High Water (from 'Hell And High Water') – composed by James Newton Howard and Martin Davich (2:38)
- Hold On (from 'Hell And High Water') (2:47)
- Shep Arrives (from 'The Healers') (3:37)
- Shattered Glass (from 'Hell And High Water') (2:11)
- Theme From ER – James Newton Howard (1:00)
- It Came Upon A Midnight Clear – Mike Finnegan (2:30)
Other media[edit]
- An ER video game developed by Legacy Interactive for Windows 2000 and XP was released in 2005.[60]
- In the Mad episode 'Pokémon Park / WWER', the show was parodied in the style of WWE.
- A book about emergency medicine based on the TV series, The Medicine of ER: An Insider's Guide to the Medical Science Behind America's #1 TV Drama was published in 1996. Authors Alan Duncan Ross and Harlan Gibbs M.D. have hospital administration and ER experience, respectively, and are called fans of the TV show in the book's credits.
Foreign adaptations[edit]
In March 2012, Warner Bros. International Television announced that they would sell the format rights to ER to overseas territories. This allowed foreign countries to produce their own version of the series.[61]
In June 2013, Warner Bros. International Television and Emotion Production from Belgrade, Serbia, announced a Serbian version of ER.[62]Urgentni Centar premiered on October 6, 2014 on TV Prva.[63] A Colombian version is also in the works.[64]
International broadcasts[edit]
Country/Region | Broadcaster |
---|---|
Afghanistan | STAR World |
English-speaking Africa | M-Net |
Albania | Digit-Alb |
Argentina | Warner Channel, Telefe |
Armenia | Shant TV |
Australia | Nine Network |
Austria | ORF |
Belarus | NTV |
Belgium (French-speaking) | RTL-TVI |
Belgium (Dutch-speaking) | 2BE |
Brazil | SBT (Portuguese dub) / Warner Channel (subtitled) |
Bulgaria | BNT 1 |
Canada | CTV |
Chile | Televisión Nacional de Chile, Warner Channel |
China | CCTV, STAR World |
Colombia | Warner Channel |
Costa Rica | Teletica |
Croatia | Hrvatska televizija |
Cyprus | Lumiere TV |
Czech Republic | Česká televize,TV Prima,TV NOVA |
Denmark | TV3 Puls |
Ecuador | Warner Channel, Ecuavisa |
Estonia | Kanal 2 |
Finland | MTV3 |
France, Monaco | France 2 |
Georgia | Rustavi 2 |
Germany | ProSieben |
Greece | Star Channel |
Hungary | M1, M3, RTL Klub |
Hong Kong | STAR World |
India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal | Zee Cafe |
Indonesia | STAR World |
Iceland | Rúv |
Ireland | RTÉ |
Israel | Yes |
Italy | RAI |
Japan | NHK |
Kazakhstan | NTV |
Lithuania | TV3 |
Macau | STAR World |
Malaysia | STAR World |
Mexico | Televisa |
Latin America | Sony Entertainment Television, Warner Channel |
Middle East, North Africa, East Africa | Fox Series |
Netherlands | NET 5 |
New Zealand | TV 2 |
North Macedonia | A1 |
Norway | TVNorge |
Philippines | ABC 5 |
Pay | STAR World |
Portugal | RTP |
Poland | TVN Siedem |
Romania | Pro TV, PRO Cinema |
Russia | NTV |
Serbia | Radio Television of Serbia (RTS) |
Singapore | MediaCorp Channel 5, STAR World |
Slovak Republic | TV MARKÍZA |
Slovenia | POP TV |
South Africa | M-Net |
Spain | Antena 3 |
Sweden | TV3 |
Switzerland | SF zwei |
Taiwan | STAR World |
Thailand | True Series |
Turkey | CNBC-e |
United Kingdom | More4, Sky Atlantic, CBS Drama |
United States | NBC |
Venezuela | Televen, Warner Channel |
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^'About the Hit NBC TV Show ER'. NBC. Archived from the original on October 28, 2011. Retrieved October 14, 2011.
- ^Tait, R. Colin (November 26, 2014). 'Marathon Viewing E.R.: Rewatching Television's Greatest Prime-Time Serial'. Flow.
- ^Jacobs, Jason (2003). Body Trauma TV: The New Hospital Dramas (illustrated ed.). British Film Institute. p. 24. ISBN0-85170-880-3.
- ^Richard, Zoglin; Smilgis, Martha (October 31, 1994). 'Television: Angels with Dirty Faces'. Time. Retrieved October 17, 2009.
- ^Keenleyside, Sam (1998). Bedside manners: George Clooney and ER (Illustrated ed.). ECW Press. p. 129. ISBN1-55022-336-4.
- ^Crichton, Michael (Creator) (February 24, 2004). ER: The Complete First Season (DVD). Warner Bros.
|access-date=
requires|url=
(help) - ^'Linda Vista Hospital'. The Center for Land Use Interpretation. Archived from the original on April 18, 2005. Retrieved June 28, 2009.
- ^Carter, Bill (2006). Desperate Networks (illustrated ed.). Doubleday. p. 30. ISBN0-385-51440-9.
- ^ abcdefghi'Saying goodbye to 'ER''. Hollywood Reporter. April 1, 2009. Archived from the original on September 18, 2010. Retrieved September 18, 2010.
- ^ abc''ER' closes door, leaves behind satisfying legacy'. MSNBC. March 24, 2009. Retrieved June 13, 2010.
- ^ abc'Memories of 'ER''. Military.com. March 30, 2009. Retrieved June 13, 2010.
- ^Kennedy, Dana (October 17, 1997). 'Sherry Stringfield, the Goodbye Girl'. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved December 6, 2011.
- ^Albiniak, Paige (February 12, 2009). 'Memories of 'ER''. NY Post. Archived from the original on October 19, 2012. Retrieved June 13, 2010.
- ^Goldberg, Lesley (February 22, 2019). ''TV's Top 5' Podcast: Oscars Preview, Marvel Cancellations Decoded'. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 25, 2019.
- ^'After 11 years, Dr. Carter takes leave from ER'. ER Headquarters. March 31, 2005. Archived from the original on July 9, 2009. Retrieved June 28, 2009.
- ^'NBC PICKS UP CLASSIC, EMMY AWARD-WINNING 'ER' FOR 15TH AND FINAL SEASON'. NBC Universal Media Village. April 2, 2008. Retrieved June 28, 2009.[dead link]
- ^Levin, Gary (April 8, 2008). 'NBC veteran 'ER' will end its run next year'. USA Today. Retrieved June 28, 2009.
- ^The Futon Critic Staff (December 3, 2008). 'Nbc Fallout: 'Knight' Cut, 'Er' Extended'. The Futon Critic. Retrieved June 28, 2009.
- ^Schneider, Michael (January 8, 2009). 'Wells' 'Police' close to series order, Final season of 'ER' to be extended'. Variety. Retrieved June 28, 2009.
- ^'ER: Clooney and Margulies Return to Closed Set for a Final Episode'. TV Series Finale. January 22, 2009. Archived from the original on January 30, 2009. Retrieved June 28, 2009.
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2011 Norway attacks | |
---|---|
Date | 22 July 2011 15:26[1] (CEST) |
Bomb and shooting | |
Deaths | 8 (Oslo) 69 (Utøya)Total: 77 |
Non-fatal injuries | 30 (Oslo) 66 (Utøya)Total: 96 |
Perpetrator | Anders Behring Breivik |
The 2011 Norway attacks were two attacks in Norway on 22 July 2011. The first attack was a car bombing near government buildings in Oslo. The second attack was a mass shooting at a summer youth camp on an island northwest of Oslo. Of the total 77 deaths, 55 were teenagers, and another 96 people were injured.[2] The car bomb also shattered many windows of buildings in the government quarter of downtown Oslo.
The bomb explosion was near the office of Prime MinisterJens Stoltenberg at 15:26.[3] It killed eight people and injured several others. The second attack was about 90 minutes later, at a youth camp organized by the youth group (AUF) of the Norwegian Labour Party (AP) at the island of Utøya in Tyrifjorden, Buskerud. A gunman disguised as a policeman opened fire at the campers, and killed 69 people.[2]
The police arrested several suspects, but many were released. Anders Behring Breivik, a 32-year-old Norwegian Protestant man, committed both attacks.[4] He was later charged with both attacks.[5]Records show he had planned the attacks for years, as an act of anti-immigrationideology and against multiculturalism.
The European Union, NATO and countries around the world have expressed their support for Norway and condemned the attacks.
- 1Oslo bombing
- 3Perpetrator
- 4Reactions
- 5Memorials
Oslo bombing[change | change source]
Map of the area of the explosion. Red building: Government building. Orange area: Position of a destroyed car. Blue building: Oil Ministry building.
On 22 July 2011 at 15:26 (CEST) a powerful explosion went off near the offices of the Prime Minister of Norway (H-blokka) and several other governmental buildings, such as the Ministry of Petroleum and Energy (R4) and Ministry of Finance.[1][6](See map)
The nearby street was filled with glass and debris following the explosion. The wreckage of a car was sighted near one of the affected buildings. A giant cloud of white smoke was seen as a fire burned at the Ministry of Petroleum. The blast was heard at least seven kilometres away.[6]
Following the explosion, police cleared the area and searched for more explosive devices.[7] The police asked people to leave central Oslo.[8]
Casualties[change | change source]
Office of the Norwegian Prime Minister with blown-out windows shortly after the explosion.
Eight people are known to have been killed in the explosion,[9] with fifteen injured,[10][11] eleven seriously.[12] A doctor at the Oslo University Hospital said the hospital staff were treating head, chest and abdominal injuries.[13]
Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg was not hurt in the blast.[9] Norway’s finance minister, Sigbjørn Johnsen, was on holiday in Denmark at the time.[14]
Because July is the main holiday time in Norway, and that attacks took place during the weekend, there were not as many people in the area as usual,[15] which may saved many lives.
Impact on transportation[change | change source]
The Norwegian Ministry of Petroleum and Energy shortly after the expolsion
All roads into Oslo's downtown area were closed as police moved people from the area and warned Oslo residents to stay away from the city center. They were also told to limit their usage of mobile phones due to concerns of another possible terrorist attack.[16] Public transport into and out of the city was stopped.[17] The police checked cars on the road to Oslo airport,[18] which remained open as the police conducted searches in cars at the site.[19][20]
The Gardermoen railway line between Lillestrøm and Oslo airport was shut down after a suspicious package was found close to the tracks.[21] The same happened at the offices of TV 2, which were evacuated after a suspicious package was found outside the building.[22]
Utøya shooting[change | change source]
About 90 minutes after the Oslo explosion,[9] a gunman in police uniform, believed to be Anders Behring Breivik,[23] got on a ferry about 40 kilometres (25 miles) northwest of Oslo. The ferry went to the island of Utøya in lake Tyrifjorden.[24] The island was the site of[9] the Labour Party's annual Workers' Youth League (AUF) youth summer camp. Once on the island, the gunman began to shoot the mainly adolescent campers, before finally being captured.[25]
The shooter was dressed as a police officer, and said he had come over for a routine check following the bombing event in Oslo. He signalled and asked people to gather around him[26] before firing his weapons,[27][28] killing and injuring many people. He first shot people on the island and later started shooting at people who were trying to escape by swimming across the lake.[29] The police reported that most of the casualties were youths of about 15 and 16 years old.[30] People on the island were reported to have hidden in lavatories or undergrowth, communicating by text message to avoid giving their positions away to the gunman.[31]
The shooting supposedly lasted for 90 minutes.[32] The police were informed about the shooting at 17:27, and at 18:27 the gunman had been arrested.[33] When the police arrived at the scene, they were confronted with a scene of survivors begging the officers to throw away their weapons. They were afraid that the men in uniforms would again open fire on them.[34]
At about 03:50 (CEST) on 23 July 2011, the National Police Commissioner Øystein Mæland thought the number of deaths at Utøya was 'at least 80' with the count expected to increase.[35] Sixty-nine people died.[2]
Perpetrator[change | change source]
The attacker is Anders Behring Breivik. He was arrested on Utøya for the shootings and also linked to the Oslo bombings.[36] He has been charged[5] and convicted of carrying out both attacks. He is in prison.
Political views[change | change source]
Acting national police chief Sveinung Sponheim said that the suspected gunman's Internet postings 'suggest that he has some political traits directed toward the right, and anti-Muslim views, but whether that was a motivation for the actual act remains to be seen'.[37][38] Police have described Breivik as being a right-wingextremist.[39] Breivik described himself as a conservative nationalist. He has been described as a Christian fundamentalist by news sources.[5][40] He is reported to have written many posts on the website 'document.no',[38] described by Aftenposten as 'Islam-critical and Israel-friendly'.[41] He went to meetings of 'Documents venner' (Friends of Document), linked with the website.[42] He is was also once a member of the right-wing Progress Party (FrP) and its youth wing FpU. FpU leader Ove Vanebo said Breivik was active early in the 2000s, but he left the party as his viewpoints became more extreme.[43]
Media reports say that Breivik posted comments on the internet saying he is an admirer of Winston Churchill and Max Manus,[44][45] and also of Dutch politician Geert Wilders. Breivik said Wilders' Party for Freedom, is 'the only true party for conservatives'.[46] Breivik has said he is 'pro-gay and pro-Israel'.[47] On Twitter he paraphrased utilitarian philosopher John Stuart Mill: 'One person with a belief is equal to the force of 100,000 who have only interests.'[48] The Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (NRK) said that Breivik published a 1516-page manifesto, on his anti-multiculturalist and right-wing militant ideologies, on the day of the attacks.[49]
Beliefs that there were other perpetrator(s)[change | change source]
Several witnesses at the youth camp, believe (as of 23 July 2011) that there was more than one shooter. The police have received descriptions of a second gunman, and are currently checking this information. Due to the uncertainty surrounding these witness descriptions and the chaotic nature of the events the police have, as a matter of precaution, yet to make an official comment on the matter.[50][51] Acting Police Chief Sveinung Sponheim has said that 'It's very difficult at this point to say whether he was acting alone or whether he was acting as part of a larger network'.[52]
Reactions[change | change source]
Flowers laid in front of Oslo Cathedral the day after the attacks
Domestic[change | change source]
At a press conference on the morning after the attacks, prime minister Jens Stoltenberg called the attack a 'national tragedy' and the worst atrocity since World War II.[53] Stoltenberg said that the attack would not hurt the Norwegian democracy, and said the proper answer to the violence was 'more democracy, more openness, but not naivety'.[54]
Eskil Pedersen of the Workers' Youth League vowed to 'return to Utøya' and urged Norway to continue its tradition of openness and tolerance.[55]
King Harald sent his condolences to the victims and their families, and urged unity.[56]
Svein Østerud(no:), professor emeritus, said that before we can analyze the trauma of the nation, we have to acknowledge that Breivik and [some] other terrorists, are youths that lost their way, when going thru institutions ... while struggling to find one's identity, and at the same time (and everyday) being forced to [ conform to the] norms set by school, parents, and social media.[57]
International[change | change source]
The European Union, NATO, the United Nations Security Council, governments and leaders from around the world expressed their condemnation of the attack, condolences, and solidarity with Norway.[58]
Memorials[change | change source]
At Utøya, the place of memorial is called ['the clearing'] 'Lysninga';[59] a part of it is ['the ring'] 'Ringen' - a 'ring of steel [that] hangs between trees and here the names and age[60] of the majority of those 69 killed are engraved'; 'it lies at the highest point of the island';[61] It was unveiled during the summer of 2015.[62][63]Hegnhuset was inaugurated in 2016.
A temporary[64] national monument in Oslo was unveiled on 22 July 2016.
One monolith stands in each municipality.[62][63]
At 53 [places] in Norway, are statues by Nico Widerberg that were anonymously financed.[65]
One monolith was put at at Utsikten - a roadside rest area with a view[66] of Utøya; it is located on E16 at Nes in Hole (municipality).[67]
National memorial in Hole municipality[change | change source]
In June 2017 the government decided that one of the national memorials, should be placed at Utøya-kaia, in Hole municipality;[68][69] the memorial will not [be a work of art, or] have an artistic expression.[70]KORO(no), an agency under the Ministry of Culture, will no longer formally be tied to the process in regard to the memorial in Hole.[71]
In popular culture[change | change source]
Jan Kjærstad(en) published in 2017, Berge, a novel that is about[72] the attacks and[73]a triple homicide in 1999, in Norway(en).
References[change | change source]
- ↑ 1.01.1'At least 91 killed in shootings and bomb blast in Norway'. NO: VG. 22 July 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
- ↑ 2.02.12.2 'Norway honors 77 dead with vigil', The Boston Globe 22 August 2011, webpage: BG22.
- ↑Beaumont, Peter (22 July 2011). 'Norway attacks suggest political motive'. The Guardian. UK. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ↑Skevik, Erlend; Jørstad, Atle; Stormoen, Stein-Erik (22 July 2011). 'Storberget: - Den pågrepne er norsk'. VG Nett (in Norwegian). NO. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ↑ 5.05.15.2'Scores killed in Norway attack'. BBC. UK. 23 July 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
- ↑ 6.06.1Ward, Andrew (22 July 2011). 'Youth camp shooting after Oslo bomb'. Financial Times. Stockholm. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ↑'Big Blast Hits Government Buildings in Central Oslo'. The New York Times. 23 July 2011.
- ↑'Explosion rocks Oslo | Events'. Blogs. Reuters. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ↑ 9.09.19.29.3'Oslo: Bomb blast near Norway prime minister's office'. BBC News. UK. 22 July 2011. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ↑Hough, Andrew (22 July 2011). 'Oslo explosion: 'several' dead, dozens injured after Norway city blast'. The Telegraph. UK. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ↑'Explosion hits Norwegian PM's office — Europe'. Al Jazeera English. 2011-07-22. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ↑'Explosion In Oslo Government Building'. News. Sky. 2011-7. Retrieved 22 July 2011.Check date values in:
|date=
(help) - ↑'17 dead in Oslo bombing, shootings; Norwegian held - On Deadline'. USA Today. 23 July 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
- ↑'Sigbjørn Johnsen til forsvar for euroen' [Sigbjørn Johnsen in defense of the Euro] (in Norwegian). NO: Aftenposten. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ↑'Norway on summer vacation'. The Research Council of Norway. 1 July 2010. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ↑Duxbury, Charles (22 July 2011). 'Deadly Attacks Shake Norway'. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ↑Rayfield, Jillian (22 July 2011). 'Oslo Bomb Attack — Eyewitness Reports'. LiveWire. Talking Points Memo. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ↑'Oslo bomb — latest updates'. News. UK: BBC. 22 July 2011. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ↑'Bomb blast rocks downtown Oslo'. RT. 22 July 2011. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ↑'Oslo-trikken: – Det er normal drift, ingen grunn til bekymring'. TV 2 (in Norwegian). NO. 22 July 2011. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ↑'All trains shut down after suspicious package'. Dagbladet. NO. 22 July 2011. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ↑Lofstad, Ralf; Haraldsen, Stian; Badi, Diana (22 July 2011). 'Disse områdene er evakuert'. Dagbladet (in Norwegian). NO. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ↑'Norwegian massacre gunman was a right-wing extremist who hated Muslims,'. Dailymail.co.uk. 23 July 2011. Retrieved 2011-07-23.
- ↑'Police: 91 youth campers dead in mass shooting, bombing in Norway'. CNN. US. 23 July 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
- ↑'Twin terror attacks shock Norway'. BBC News. UK. 22 July 2011. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ↑'Flere unge skutt og drept på Utøya'. Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation. 22 July 2011. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ↑Brenna, Jarle (22 July 2011). 'Vi er under angrep!'. VG Nett (in Norwegian). NO. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ↑'LIVE: Doden bij bomexplosie in Oslo – schietpartij op jongerenkamp' (in Dutch). NL: NRC.
- ↑'Nine, perhaps 10, killed in Norway shooting'. Reuters. 22 July 2011. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ↑'Blasts and Gun Attack in Norway; 7 Dead'. The New York Times. 22 July 2011. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ↑'Twin terror attacks shock Norway'. News. UK: BBC. 22 July 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
- ↑Nick Meo, Harriet Alexander in Oslo and Robert Mendick (24 July 2011). 'Norway killings: The laughing gunman who shot 85 young victims, one by one'. The Telegraph. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
- ↑'Slik rykket politiet ut'. Norwegian Police Service. NO: Politiet. 23 July 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
- ↑'One Norway survivor describes how he played dead as a gunman passed him'. News. US: CNN. 23 July 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
- ↑Live Stream. NO: TV 2.
- ↑'Anders (32) i Oslo ble pågrepet etter bombe og massedrap'. Nyhetene. NO: TV 2. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ↑'Norway bomb suspect bought 6 tons of fertilizer'. 23 July 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
- ↑ 38.038.1'32-åringen skal tilhøre høyreekstremt miljø - Norge'. Nyheter. NO: NRK. 2010-01-27. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
- ↑Goodman, J. David (23 July 2011). 'At Least 80 Are Dead in Norway Shooting'. The New York Times. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
- ↑'Norway police say 84 killed in Utoeya shooting'. Reuters. 23 July 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
- ↑'Dynamittgubben'. Aftenposten, A-magasinet (in Norwegian). 20 February 2009.
|access-date=
requires|url=
(help) - ↑Torheim, Ørjan, Som en liten gutt: Slik beskrives terrorsiktede Anders Behring Breivik (32) av bergensmann som traff ham (in Norwegian), NO: BT.
- ↑Fondenes, Eivind; Kathleen Buer (23 July 2011). 'Terrorsiktede var tidligere medlem av Fremskrittspartiet'. Nyhetene (in Norwegian). TV 2. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
- ↑Poza, Pedro (23 July 2011). 'El presunto autor, un noruego nacionalista vinculado a la extrema derecha'. El Mundo (in Spanish). ES. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
- ↑Papadakis, Mary (July 24, 2011), Norway's new face of terror, AU: Sunday Herald Sun.
- ↑'Dader bloedbad bewondert Geert Wildersq'. News (in Dutch). BE: HLN. 23 July 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
- ↑DF tager ikke afstand fra terror angrebet i Norge.
- ↑'Pågrepet 32-åring kalte seg selv nasjonalistisk'. Nett (in Norwegian). NO: VG. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ↑Kumano-Ensby, Anne Linn (23 July 2011). 'Sendte ut ideologisk bokmanus en time før bomben'. NRK News (in Norwegian). Retrieved 23 July 2011.
- ↑'Politiet frykter gjerningsmann kan være på frifot' (in Norwegian). NO: VG. 2011-07-23. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
- ↑'Frykter at gjerningsmann kan være på frifot' (in Norwegian). NO: Aftenposten. 2011-07-23. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
- ↑CNN Wire Staff (23 July 2011). http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/europe/07/23/norway.explosion/. Retrieved 23 July 2011.Missing or empty
|title=
(help) - ↑Wernersen, Camilla (23 July 2011). '– Som et mareritt' (in Norwegian). NRK. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
- ↑Gimse, Lars Martin (23 July 2011). '- Vi er alle rystet av ondskapen' (in Norwegian). Aftenposten. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
- ↑Ervik, Marthe Rosenvinge (23 July 2011). '- I dag er vi alle AUF-ere' (in Norwegian). Fædrelandsvennen. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
- ↑Murtnes, Sindre (23 July 2011). 'Kongen om terrorangrepet: - Våre tanker går til ofrene' (in Norwegian). Verdens Gang. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
- ↑Svein Østerud. 'Når 22. juli skal filmes' [when the Norway Attacks (or 22 July) will be filmed] (18 July 2017) Klassekampen. p. 22
- ↑'World leaders condemn Norway atrocities'. cbc.ca. 23 July 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
- ↑Karin Moe. 'Ein minnestad skal minnast det som verkeleg hende, og bearbeide tapet. Genius loci' [A memorial place is supposed to remind about what really happened - and to process the loss] (10. juli 2017) Klassekampen. p. 7
- ↑Kjell-Erik Nordenson Kallset (1 July 2016). 'Tar tilbake Utøya'. Klassekampen. p. 2.
- ↑Publisert 19.07.2016, kl. 05.31. (2016-07-19). '50 turer dagen til Utøya på det meste'. Nrk.no. Retrieved 2016-07-24.
- ↑ 62.062.1Gabrielle Graatrud (2016-06-18). 'Etterlatte frykter at 22.juli-minnestedet blir en bauta over gjerningsmannen'. Dagbladet.no. Retrieved 2016-07-24.
- ↑ 63.063.1'No shame in turning around!'. Dagbladet.no. Retrieved 2016-07-24.
- ↑27. juni 2016 kl. 08:42 (2016-05-19). 'Regjeringen endrer ikke planer for 22. juli-minnesmerke'. Nrk.no. Retrieved 2016-07-24.
- ↑Hvidsten, Sigrid (1 July 2017). 'Det er åpenbart at kommunalminister Jan Tore Sanner ikke skulle hatt ansvaret for minnestedene for 22. juli'. Dagbladet.no.
- ↑Av Mette Eriksen. 'Må stå på en søppeldynge for å nyte den vakre utsikten'. Ringblad.no. Retrieved 2016-07-24.
- ↑Morén, Anette (2 April 2016). 'Snu nå, skrinlegg Sørbråten'. Klassekampen. p. 37.
- ↑Anders Veberg Øystein Aldridge. '22. juli-minnesmerket etableres på Utøya-kaia'. Aftenposten.
- ↑Grindem, Karianne (21 June 2017). 'Utøykaia blir nasjonalt minnested etter 22. juli'. Dagbladet.no.
- ↑'VG mener: Ja til rosemonument'. www.vg.no.
- ↑Tommy Olsson. 'Det føles ikke tilfeldig at det gikk kun tre dager fra Koro ble tatt ut av prosessen knyttet til 22. juli-minnesmerket, til Dagbladet angrep Kulturrådet. All makt til pølsemakerne' [It does not feel coincidental that only three days passed, from KORO being removed from the process regarding the 22 July memorial - until Dagbladet attacked Arts Council Norway. All power to the sausage producers] (19 July 2017) Klassekampen. p. 24-5
- ↑Økl, Ingunn; kommentator, Hovedanmelder og. 'På smart og snedig vis åpner Jan Kjærstad opp samtalen om 22. juli'. Aftenposten.
- ↑'Kjærstads beste på lenge'. www.dagsavisen.no.
Other websites[change | change source]
- Stor eksplosjon i Oslo sentrum, Aftenposten, news report in Norwegian, with pictures.
- Allvarligt bombattentat skakar Oslo, Sveriges Radio, news report in Swedish, with pictures.
- LIVE: Oslo explosion, BBC News, live news broadcast on the bombing in Oslo.
- Oslo Attacks: A Bloody Aftermath — slideshow by Life magazine
- Norway Massacre: Island Under Siege — slideshow by Life magazine
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